Determination of Dry Eye Disease Causes and Risk Factors Among Various Age Groups. A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction
Dry Eye Disease (DED) is more common and more severe among different age groups because of physiological ageing, exposure to the environment, lifestyle, and systemic comorbidities. It is relevant to identify clinical patterns and risk factors occurring in individuals based on age to enhance prevention and management. This research was done in order to identify the causes and risk factors of DED in various ages.

Methods
The study was a cross-sectional observational study involving 400 symptomatic individuals aged 18 years and above who reported to the tertiary eye care hospitals in Haryana, India. The participants were categorised into four age groups: 18-25, 26-40, 41-60 and above 60 years. Clinical evaluation was conducted based on TFOS DEWS II criteria by Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT), Tear Meniscus Height (TMH), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and blink rate. The relationship between age, systemic conditions and DED severity was assessed using statistical tests.

Results
There were significant age group differences in TBUT, TMH, and OSDI scores (p < 0.05). TBUT and TMH declined with age, but the OSDI scores were higher, suggesting an increased symptom burden. Older participants were more prone to diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid disorders, which were linked with more severe DED. The status of systemic disease and age played a significant role in DED severity.

Conclusion
The severity of DED is age dependent and affected by systemic comorbidity and gender differences. Screening, preventive measures and combination of clinical care are required to minimize the increasing burden of DED with regard to age.