The Incidence of Adverse Reaction to Contrast Media in Computed Tomography Scan

Abstract

Introduction: Iodinated contrast media is the most commonly used drug in diagnostic radiology. In the United States alone, more than 50 million Computed Tomography (CT) studies are performed annually and about 50% of CT studies use intravenous iodinated contrast media. The adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media range from a mild inconvenience, such as itching associated with hives to a life-threatening emergency. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of adverse reactions to intravenous non- ionic iodinated contrast media in contrast enhanced CT examinations.

Methods: This quantitative, exploratory-descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Department of Radiology and Imaging of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. All the patients undergoing contrast enhanced computed tomographic examinations from 29th Jestha, 2068 to 30th Asar, 2068 (12th June 2011 and 14th July 2011) were documented for the incidence of adverse reactions. Contrast reactions were categorized as mild, moderate, or severe according to American College of Radiology Guidelines. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS soft ware.

Results: A total 423 cases were undergone CT scan using non-ionic low-osmolar contrast media. Out of 423 cases, 17(4.01%) adverse reactions were type I (mild). Not a single case of type II (moderate) reaction and type III (severe) reaction was observed. Type I reactions were mainly characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness and rashes. Intensity of all events was light, with signs and symptoms receding spontaneously.

Conclusion: Adverse reactions to intravenous administration of a non-ionic contrast media are fewer and mostly mild reactions. Thus the use of non-ionic low-osmolar contrast media is an appropriate strategy for minimizing adverse reactions.